![]() ![]() Linguistic Descriptions of Parsi Gujarati
To date, virtually nothing has been written in western languages about the Parsi dialect of Gujarati. Apart from its uniqueness as a living language, Parsis for centuries composed original works in Gujarati, and during the nineteenth century, as early adopters of the press, published literally thousands of books, pamphlets, newspapers, and journals. Yet though many of the informants of the early British grammarians of Gujarati were in fact Parsis, and many of the earliest Gujarati dictionaries were likewise edited by Parsis, by the latter part of the nineteenth century, the Parsi dialect of Gujarati was derided for being somehow less pure than the dialect which served as the model for the standardized language, that of the Nāgar Brahmans of Ahmedabad (on this subject, see Riho Isaka's 2002 article "Language and Dominance: The Debates over the Gujarati Language in the Late Nineteenth Century," South Asia 25: 1-19). In this respect, William St. Clair Tisdall's A Simplified Grammar of the Gujarati Language (1892) is remarkable as one of the only early grammars of Gujarati to include readings from Parsi publications. George A. Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India v. IX pt. 2 describes Parsi Gujarati on pp. 392-3 together with a translation of the "Parable of the Prodigal Son" (pdf). The most extensive description yet published is that of S. N. Gajendragadkar's 1974 Parsi-Gujarati: A Descriptive Analysis, which includes a fairly thorough phonemic analysis and short grammatical analysis. Unfortunately the researcher only made use of a very small sample of recorded conversations, which limits the usefulness of the work considerably. Yet the transcribed texts and the glossary at the end of the work are still of value to the student.
Survey Articles
Just as very little has been written describing Parsi Gujarati language, virtually nothing exists surveying Parsi Gujarati literature in western languages. With regard to works on Iranian Studies, Jamshid Cawasji Katrak's 1974 "Gujarati Literature on Iranology," Acta Iranica I, pp. 360-78, fills a gap but is far from exhaustive. My own appendix to Michael Stausberg & Yuhan S.-D. Vevaina's forthcoming Blackwell Companion to the Study of Zoroastrianism will hopefully be a first step in filling this gap, as will this website once it grows.
Parsi Prakāś
![]() ![]() The first three volumes of the Parsi Prakash have recently been digitized. The remaining volumes can be found at the Meherjirana Library, the Cama Institute, and the Bombay Parsi Panchayat library.
Pārsi Prakāś is a vast work, running several thousand pages. Though an essential tool for historians of Zoroastrianism, its utility is limited in a few regards. Arranged chronologically, the PP is almost entirely drawn from contemporary newspaper clippings, and as such, its coverage of events is typically quite brief. Many entries are simply long lists of names of individuals who were present at certain events, contributed to certain subscriptions, etc. The editors seem to have judiciously avoided going into the details of controversial issues. Yet, the subjects of the PP are so diverse and the work is so excellently indexed that it serves as a most useful and quick guide to anyone seeking biographical information on a given figure. Especially useful are the obituaries, which are generally short biographies in and of themselves. Moreover, since so many of the newspaper sources of the PP are now extremely difficult if not impossible to access, the editors of the PP have done the scholarly world a tremendous favor by preserving what otherwise might be lost.
![]() ![]() Bomanji Byramji Patel (1849-1908) and Rustamji Barjorji Paymaster (1870-1943), chief compilers of Pārsi Prakāś.
Pārsi Sāhityāno Itihās
![]() ![]() Fehrests, Disāpothis and Vaṃśāvalis
Very often, when one reads a manuscript colophon, one comes across a number of names and places. But very often, key pieces are obscured or missing. How should one proceed? Luckily, there are a few resources to help pinpoint individual scribes. In addition to the known Zoroastrian works on colophons, another option is to look in Parsi reference books. Three genres of literature are particularly useful: fehrests, disāpothis, and vaṃśavaḷis. Fehrests are registers of priests who underwent the nāvar and marātib ceremonies. The largest and to date only published is the Fehrest of the Navsāri Vaḍi Dar-e Meher belonging to the Bhagarsāth panthak of Zoroastrian priests (Ervad Māhiyār Navroji Kutār, Navsārini Vaḍi Dar-e Meharmāṃ Thaylā Nāvaroni Fehrest. Muṃbai, 1929). Until the beginning of the 19th century, all Bhagarsāth priests underwent their nāvar and marātib rituals at the Vaḍi Dar-e Meher, and the fehrest, which lists the nāvars and marātibs between the years 1632 and 1929, contains the names and dates of close to 8,000 young priests. These entries often include not only the name of the boy undergoing, but his ancestors, the person paying for the ceremony, the priests performing the ceremony, etc., and are potentially very useful for elucidating a given name.
Just as the Fehrests list the dates on which young athornāns were initiated into the priesthood, Disāpothis list the dates on which members of various families and communities passed away so that the rituals which take place after death could be performed correctly. Most of these documents remain in manuscript form, but a useful example of the Desāi-Dastur family has been published by Dastur Dārābji Sohrābji Meherjirāṇā (Navsārināṃ Moṭā Dastur-Deśāi Khāndānoni Disāpothi, Muṃbai, 1932). More easily available are the vaṃśāvalis or family trees of various priestly and non-priestly lineages. The most extensive of these, that of the Navsari Bhagarsath priests, has been translated into English by Rustamji Jamaspji Dastoor Meherjirana (Genealogy of the Naosari Parsee Priests, Bombay, 1899), but many others have been published in Gujarati. The above image shows the family tree of the Bharucha panthak of Parsi priests (Ardesar Sorābji Dastur Kāmdinnā, Bharucnā Dastur Khāndānnī Vaṃśāvali, Muṃbai, 1878).
Sir Jivanji Jamshedji Modi published fairly extensively on the Fehrests and Disāpothis. His articles are available in PDF format below.
Pārsi Maratyuk
![]() It has almost become a trope to describe a morbid penchant for reading the obituaries in the Jām-e Jamśed among contemporary Parsis. Yet, as already noted above, obituaries are often one of the most useful sources of biographical information available to us for 19th and early 20th century figures. Bomanjee Byramjee Patel, the indefatigable compiler of the Parsi Prakāś, apparently was quick to realize the value of the obituary, and published three volumes (Pārsi Maratyuk, Muṃbai, 1887-1915) devoted exclusively to obituaries printed in Bombay newspapers beginning in 1799 and continuing until 1890. These volumes, which are basically supplements to Pārsi Prakāś, contain the full obituaries rather than simply extracts. For important figures, several obituaries from the various Bombay papers are given. Like all of Paṭel's works, it is excellently indexed.
Pārsi Dharmasthaḷo
![]() Another of Bomanjee Byramjee Patel's reference volumes must still be mentioned here. In addition to obituaries, Patel also published a volume entirely devoted to Parsi religious buildings and structures (Pārsi Dharmasthaḷo, Muṃbai, 1906). The work collects information related to fire temples, dakhmas, sagḍis, ārāmgāhs, etc., often presenting useful information about the endowments of these structures, the trusts by which they are managed, they way in which they were constructed, and the inscriptions found in the structure (typically in Persian verse). As a source of information about these structures, the work is of great importance for understanding the development of Zoroastrian religious practice alongside burgeoning charitable endowments in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Gujarāti Patrakāritvano Itihās
![]()
|